Microsoft joins India's ONDC WHAT HAS HAPPENED? US firm Microsoft has become the first big tech company to join the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), A government-backed project which is aimed at enabling small merchants and mom-and-pop stores in parts of the country to access processes and technologies that are typically deployed by large e commerce platforms such as Amazon and Flipkart. The software giant intends to introduce social e-commerce - group buying experience in the Indian market, Which would include a shopping app for Indian consumers along with their social circle, harnessing the ONDC network to discover the best pricing among retailers and sellers. WHAT IS OPEN NETWORK FOR DIGITAL COMMERECE ? It is an initiative aimed at promoting open networks for all aspects of exchange of goods and services over digital or electronic networks. ONDC is to be based on open-sourced methodology, using open specifications and open network protocols inde...
Why President Murmu uses the word ‘Johar’ ?
WHAT HAS HAPPENED ?
The 15th President of India, Droupadi Murmu, assumed office Monday with a ‘Johar’ greeting to the country. ‘Johar’, which essentially means ‘salutation and welcome’, is used within the tribal communities of Jharkhand, and in parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
According to several tribal leaders from Jharkhand, the word ‘Johar’ also means ‘paying respect’. Just like Namaskar, "Johar" is also used along with folded hands to greet people, or in case of elders, by touching their feet. Tribal communities are nature worshippers and follow Sarna religion code, although it is not an official religion.
"Juhar" is also one of the rituals of Nuakhai, an agricultural festival celebrated to welcome the new crop. It is a combination of two words - 'nua' means 'new' and 'khai' means 'to eat'.
WHICH TRIBAL COMMUNITIES USES THE WORD JOHAR ?
There are 32 tribal communities in Jharkhand who speak different dialects. Almost all, including tribal Christians, use the word ‘Johar’ along with some other words for salutation.
Johar, is predominantly used by Santhali, Munda and Ho communities that share some similarities. People belonging to the Oraon community use the word ‘Jai Dharam’, apart from Johar, as a salutation.
ANY OTHER FORM OF JOHAR SALUTATION ?
There are at least four types. One of them is ‘Doboh Johar’, which is used between people where one among them has a higher standing.
Ratan Tikrey, a former member of Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) said that in ‘Doboh Johar’ there is a ritual where the person with a tumbler full of water bows in front of the person of higher standing. “The person who bows will touch the earth and in return the other person will wash his/her hand (using water in the tumbler) and let the water drop on the earth. The entire exercise means that the hospitality being shown has been accepted.”
Santhal revolution
On June 30, 1855, over 10,000 Santhals were mobilised by their leaders - Kanho Murmu, Chand Murmu, Bhairab Murmu and Sidho Murmu - to revolt against the East India Company over oppression by revenue officials, zamindars, and corrupt moneylenders.
After the rebellion broke out in 1855, both sides continued clashing till the uprising was crushed in 1856. The British defeated the Santhals using modern firearms and war elephants in decisive action in which both Sidho and Kanho died.
Paika rebellion
In several recent descriptions, the 1817 Paika Rebellion in Odisha's Khurda is referred to as the "original" first war of Indian Independence.
That year, the Paikas - a class of military retainers traditionally recruited by the kings of Odisha - revolted against the British colonial rulers mainly over being dispossessed of their land holdings. The trigger for the revolt came as some 400 Kondhs descended from the Ghumusar area to rise against the British. Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar Mohapatra
Bharamarbar Rai, the highest-ranking military general of the banished Khurda king, led an army of Paikas to join the uprising of the Kondhs.
Kol revolt
The Kols, tribal people from the Chhota Nagpur area, rose in revolt against the British in 1831. The trigger here too was gradual takeover of tribal land and property by non-tribal settlers who were aided by new land laws. The simmering discontent over economic exploitation of the original inhabitants, led to an uprising led by Buddhu Bhagat, Joa Bhagat and Madara Mahato among others. The Kols were joined by other tribes like the Hos, Mundas and Oraons.
Bhil uprising
After the British intruded into the Bhil territory in Maharashtra's Khandesh region, the tribals pushed back fearing exploitation under the new regime in 1818. The revolt was led by their leader, Sewaram and was brutally crushed using the British military might.
This uprising again erupted in 1825 as the Bhils sought to take advantage of reverses being suffered by the British in the first Anglo-Burmese war.
Q. The ‘Bhagat Movement’ took place in which Indian state?
A) Rajasthan
B) West Bengal
C) Bihar
D) Assam
A) Rajasthan
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